Abordaje paliativo en enfermedades respiratorias avanzadas / Palliative Approach in Advanced Respiratory Diseases

Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas avanzadas son prevalentes y producen deterioro de la calidad de vida, en particular la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales difusas (EPID) y las enfermedades neuromusculares progresivas con compromiso diafragmático (ENM). Quienes las padecen presentan síntomas persistentes que no son siempre adecuada-mente controlados por los tratamientos recomendados por las guías clínicas de mane-jo. El tratamiento paliativo de los síntomas persistentes es un punto relevante y suelen presentarse barreras para su implementación.Este artículo ofrece una revisión narrativa sobre una perspectiva latinoamericana acerca del rol de los cuidados paliativos en enfermedades respiratorias avanzadas.

Advanced chronic respiratory diseases are prevalent and cause deterioration in qual-ity of life, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diffuse intersti-tial lung diseases (ILD) and progressive neuromuscular diseases with diaphragmatic involvement (NMD). Those who suffer from them usually present persistent symptoms that are not always adequately controlled by the treatments recommended by the clinical management guidelines. Palliative treatment of persistent symptoms is a relevant point, but the pal-liative approach usually presents barriers to its implementation.This article offers a narrative review over Latin American perspective on the role of pal-liative care in advanced respiratory diseases.

Relación entre la distancia recorrida en la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos y el sexo, la edad, comorbilidades y la disnea en pacientes con EPOC / Relationship between the Distance Traveled in the Test of 6- Minute Walk and Sex, Age, Comorbidities and Dyspnea in Patients with CORP

Introducción: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es un trastorno res-piratorio caracterizado por síntomas clínicos y compromiso funcional que afecta la ca-pacidad aeróbica limitando las actividades cotidianas y la calidad de vida. La prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (C6M) es una prueba sencilla y de bajo costo que evalúa la capa-cidad de los pacientes para realizar sus actividades cotidianas. Objetivo: evaluar la re-lación entre la capacidad aeróbica medida por la distancia recorrida en la C6M y el se-xo, edad, disnea y comorbilidades cardiometabólicas en pacientes con EPOC. Material y métodos: estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo, basado en pruebas de caminatas de 6 minutos (C6M) realizadas en pacientes con EPOC. Resultados: se evaluaron 101 pacientes, hombres (63,4%), con una edad promedio de 74,1±8,7 años. Al correlacionar C6M con otras variables se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. La distancia media recorrida fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres (DM: 58,3 metros, IC 95%; 16 - 100,6, p=0,007). Los pacientes < 75 años, sin comorbilidades y disnea < 2 tu-vieron mejor desempeño en la C6M que los > 75 años (DM; 62,012 metros IC 95% 21,5 - 102,4, p=0,003), con comorbilidades (DM: 42,2 metros, IC 95%, 0.003 - 84,4; p=0,050) y disnea ≥ 2 (DM: 65,8 IC 95% 23,9 - 107,6, p=0,002). Conclusiones: el sexo femenino, la presencia de comorbilidad cardiovascular y metabólica, y la edad se asocian con dis-minución en la capacidad física aeróbica y funcional en los pacientes con EPOC. (AU)

Introduction: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disorder characterized by clinical symptoms and functional impairment that affects aerobic capacity, limiting daily activities and quality of life. The 6-minute walk test (C6M) is a simple, low-cost test that assesses a patient's ability to perform their daily activities. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between aerobic capacity measured by the distance covered in the C6M and gender, age, dyspnea and cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with COPD. Materials and methods: cross-sectional, descriptive study, based on 6-minute walk tests (C6M) performed in patients with COPD. Results: 101 male patients (63.4%), with a mean age of 74.1 ± 8.7 years, were evaluated. When correlating C6M with other variables, statistically significant differences were found. The mean distance traveled was greater in men than in women (MD: 58.3 meters, 95% CI: 16 - 100.6, p=0.007). Patients <75 years old, without comorbidities and dyspnea <2 had better performance in the C6M than those >75 years old (MD; 62 meters CI 95% 21.5 - 102.4, p=0.003), with comorbidities (MD: 42.2 meters, 95% CI, 0.003 - 84.4; p=0.050) and dyspnea ≥ 2 (MD: 65.8, 95% CI 23.9 - 107.6, p=0.002). Conclusions: female sex, the presence of cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidity, and age are associated with decreased aerobic and functional physical capacity in patients with COPD. (AU)

Impacto de las exacerbaciones en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Impact of Exacerbations on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es la tercera causa de muerte en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, ante la falta de herramientas diagnósticas precisas en el primer nivel de atención médica, como la espirometría, es difícil determinar la prevalen-cia real de la EPOC.Por otro lado, la falta de una definición clara y precisa de las exacerbaciones de la EPOC hace que se subestime su impacto en la salud pública; habitualmente, los pacien-tes con EPOC que cursan una exacerbación retrasan la búsqueda de atención médica inmediata porque se acostumbran al deterioro asociado a la enfermedad o lo confun-den con cambios por la edad avanzada. Esto puede provocar un aumento de la mor-bilidad y la mortalidad, asimismo, mayor utilización de los recursos sanitarios y mayor carga económica. Por lo tanto, es importante sensibilizar sobre la importancia del diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento adecuado de las exacerbaciones de la EPOC, del mismo modo que el mayor conocimiento público de los síntomas, las causas y los factores de riesgo de la EPOC. Con ello, se podrán aplicar estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento más eficaces que mejoren la calidad de vida de los pacientes y disminuyan la carga de la enfermedad para la sociedad.Esta revisión ofrece un análisis crítico de la definición más reciente y esboza las impli-caciones del comportamiento de las exacerbaciones, su impacto en los distintos ám-bitos del sistema sanitario, así como en las diferentes esferas de la vida de los pacien-tes con EPOC. (AU)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common disease and the third leading cause of death worldwide. However, due to the lack of accurate diagnostic tools at the first level of care, such as spirometry, the true prevalence of COPD is difficult to determine.In addition, the lack of a clear definition of COPD exacerbations means that its pub-lic health impact is underestimated. Patients with COPD often do not seek immediate medical attention because they become used to the deterioration associated with the disease. This can lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality, as well as increased utilization of healthcare resources and higher economic costs. Therefore, it is important to promote greater awareness of the importance of early di-agnosis and proper management of COPD exacerbations, as well as increased public awareness of COPD symptoms, etiologic agents, and risk factors.By better understanding COPD exacerbations, more effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies can be implemented to improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the burden of the disease on society.This review aims to provide a critical analysis of the most recent definition and to out-line the implications of the behavior of COPD exacerbations and their impact on the dif-ferent settings of the health care system, as well as on the different spheres of patients' lives. (AU)

The impact of COPD on the private healthcare system in Brazil: an economic analysis / Impacto da DPOC no sistema de saúde privado no Brasil: uma análise econômica

Objective: To assess healthcare resource utilization and hospitalization costs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations in the Brazilian private healthcare system. Methods: A retrospective cohort study, considering data from an administrative database of a private company (Orizon). Patients aged ≥40 years old and with at least one COPD-related claim identified by the ICD-10 code (J40 to J44) at any time during the eligibility period (January/2010 to December/2013) were included in the analysis. Follow-up was performed until December/2014, death or inactivation of a health plan. Sociodemographic characteristics, number of emergency visits, hospital admissions (number and length of stay), length of hospital stay in an intensive care unit (ICU), number of severe COPD exacerbations, therapeutic approach, and hospitalization costs were assessed. Results: The analysis included 8,254 COPD patients. Emergency visits, hospital admission, and exacerbation rates were 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 per person-year, respectively. The mean length of hospital stays and the length of stay of patients requiring or not ICU stay were 16.6 (SD = 77.0), 8.7 (SD = 36.9), and 27.6 (SD = 109.7), respectively. Mean costs associated to emergency department visits and hospitalizations were 258.2 BRL (SD = 383.1) and 38,165.4 BRL (SD = 124,683.5), respectively. Hospitalizations costs without ICU stay were 11,810.1 BRL (SD = 31,144.1) and 74,585.3 BRL (SD = 182,808.1) for those with ICU utilization. Conclusion: Costs for COPD management during disease exacerbation are very high and may reach almost 75 thousand BRL per hospitalization. The prevention of COPD exacerbations and better disease control may reduce the economic burden on the private healthcare system in Brazil.

Objetivo: Avaliar a utilização de recursos e custos de pacientes com exacerbação da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) no sistema de saúde suplementar (SSS) do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, considerando banco de dados administrativo de uma empresa privada (Orizon). Pacientes com ≥40 anos e pelo menos um registro de admissão relacionado à DPOC identificado com CID-10 J40-J44, entre janeiro/2010 e dezembro/2013, foram incluídos e acompanhados até dezembro/2014, morte ou inativação no plano. Características sociodemográficas, número de visitas de emergência, admissões hospitalares (número e tempo de hospitalização), tempo de hospitalização em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), número de exacerbações graves, estratégias terapêuticas e custos hospitalares foram as variáveis analisadas. Resultados: A análise incluiu 8.254 pacientes com DPOC. As taxas de visita à emergência, internação hospitalar e exacerbação da doença foram de 0,4, 0,2 e 0,1 por pessoa-ano, respectivamente. Os tempos médios de hospitalização, hospitalização sem utilização de UTI e hospitalização com necessidade de UTI foram de 16,6 (DP = 77,0), 8,7 (DP = 36,9) e 27,6 (DP = 109,7) dias, respectivamente. Os custos médios relacionados à visita de emergência e por hospitalização foram de 258,2 BRL (DP = 383,1) e 38.165,4 BRL (DP = 124.683,5), respectivamente. Os custos para pacientes que não utilizaram UTI foram de 11.810,1 BRL (DP = 31.144,1) e de 74.585,3 BRL (DP = 182.808,1) para aqueles com necessidade desse serviço. Conclusão: Os custos para o manejo dos pacientes com exacerbação da DPOC são muito elevados, podendo chegar a 75.000 BRL por hospitalização. A prevenção de exacerbações e o melhor controle da doença podem reduzir esse impacto econômico no SSS.

Patrón inflamatorio de las vías aéreas en pacientes fumadores con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Inflammatory pattern of the airways in COPD smokers

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica cursa con un patrón inflamatorio en la vía aérea que incluye neutrófilos, macrófagos, linfocitos, los cuales se pueden obtener mediante un cepillado bronquial citológico. Objetivos: Identificar patrón inflamatorio según células inflamatorias presentes en la vía aérea, mediante el cepillado bronquial citológico e índice tabáquico de paquetes/año en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, que concurrieron al Hospital Neumológico Benéfico-Jurídico, en el período comprendido de junio de 2018 a junio de 2019, con indicación para la realización de fibrobroncoscopía con cepillado bronquial. Resultados: El 53,1 por ciento de los pacientes corresponden al sexo masculino. Un 46,1 por ciento presentó un índice tabáquico de paquetes/año entre 21-40. Predominaron las criptas y estrías como hallazgos broncoscópicos con un 51 por ciento y 40,8 por ciento respectivamente en pacientes con índice paquetes/año mayor que 40. De los pacientes con índice paquetes/año mayor de 40 (13 para un 26,5 por ciento) presentaron hiperplasia de células basales. El 46,9 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron un patrón inflamatorio neutrofílica. Conclusiones: Se identificaron a los pacientes con EPOC que presentaron patrón inflamatorio neutrofílica en la vía aérea y elevado índice tabáquico y desde el punto de vista broncoscópico tienen varios hallazgos que sugieren cronicidad(AU)

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents with an inflammatory pattern in the airway that includes neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which can be obtained by cytological bronchial brushing. Objectives: To identify inflammatory pattern according to inflammatory cells present in the airway, through cytological bronchial brushing and smoking rate of packs/year in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who attended Benefico-Jurídico Pneumological Hospital, from June 2018 to June 2019, with an indication for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchial brushing. Results: 53.1percent of the patients correspond to the male sex. 46.1percent ad a smoking rate of packs/year between 21-40. Crypts and striae predominated as bronchoscopic findings with 51percent and 40.8percent respectively in patients with a pack/year index greater than 40. Patients with a pack/year index greater than 40 (13 for 26.5percent) showed basal cell hyperplasia. 46.9percent of the patients had a neutrophilic inflammatory pattern. Conclusions: Patients with COPD who had a neutrophilic inflammatory pattern in the airway and high smoking index were identified, and from the bronchoscopic point of view they have several findings that suggest chronicity(AU)

Evaluación de la disnea y condición clínica en pacientes síntomáticos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en un programa de rehabilitacion pulmonar / Assessment of Dyspnea and Clinical Condition in Symptomatic Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) se caracterizan por presentar disnea en reposo y en las actividades de la vida diaria.

O modo PSV apresenta piores desfechos em relação ao desmame quando comparado com outros modos ventilatórios de pacientes com exacerbação aguda da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: revisão sistemática / The PSV mode has worse weaning outcomes when compared to other ventilatory modes in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é um distúrbio crônico e progressivo, que evolui com o declínio da função pulmonar. Embora sua cronicidade, são comuns períodos de agudização acompanhados de Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda hipercápnica, requisitando permanência nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e Ventilação Mecânica Invasiva (VMI) para reversão da falência respiratória. O desmame na DPOC ocupa até 58% da VM, logo, se faz necessário estratégias específicas para otimização desse processo, com a utilização de modos e ajustes ventilatórios que promovam um desmame precoce e efetivo. OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos da Ventilação com Pressão de Suporte quando comparado com modos e estratégias distintas no desmame de pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática, construída seguindo critérios do PRISMA, registrada na PROSPERO (CRD42022362228). Considerados elegíveis ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados que avaliaram o modo PSV em comparação com modos e estratégias distintas, em pacientes com diagnóstico de DPOC, em VMI, sem delimitação de ano/idioma. Foram excluídos artigos incompletos, duplicados e indisponíveis aos recursos de recuperação. Desfechos de interesse foram: duração do desmame, tempo de permanência na UTI e mortalidade. A estratégia foi aplicada nas bases: PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. As ferramentas Escala PEDro e RevMan Web foram utilizadas para análise da qualidade dos estudos e risco de viés, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Incluídos 8 artigos. 6 mostraram significância estatística, apresentando menor tempo de desmame no grupo ASV (24 (20­62) h versus 72 (24­144) h PSV) (p=0,041); mais dias na UTI quando comparado com o modo PAV (p<0,001). PSV foi mais eficaz nos mesmos desfechos quando comparado com a estratégia Tubo-T. Houve diferenças quanto a taxa de mortalidade com o modo NAVA. CONCLUSÃO: Fica evidente que o modo PSV quando em relação a modos ventilatórios assistidos, tem potencial de fornecer piores desfechos associados ao processo de desmame da ventilação invasiva de pacientes com DPOC.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic and progressive disorder that evolves with the decline in lung function. Despite its chronicity, periods of exacerbation accompanied by hypercapnic Acute Respiratory Failure are common, requiring a stay in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV) to reverse respiratory failure. Weaning in COPD occupies up to 58% of the MV, therefore, specific strategies are needed to optimize this process, using ventilatory modes and adjustments that promote early and effective weaning. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of Pressure Support Ventilation when compared with different modes and strategies in weaning patients with COPD. METHODS: Systematic review, constructed following PRISMA criteria, registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022362228). Randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated the PSV mode in comparison with different modes and strategies, in patients diagnosed with COPD, on IMV, without delimitation of year/language, were considered eligible. Incomplete, duplicate and unavailable articles were excluded. Outcomes of interest were: duration of weaning, length of stay in the ICU and mortality. The strategy was applied in the bases: PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. The PEDro Scale and RevMan Web tools were used to analyze study quality and risk of bias, respectively. RESULTS: Included 8 articles. 6 showed statistical significance, showing shorter weaning time in the ASV group (24 (20­62) h versus 72 (24­144) h PSV) (p=0.041), and more days in the ICU when compared to the PAV mode (p<0.001). PSV was more effective on the same outcomes when compared with the T-tube strategy. There were differences in the mortality rate with the NAVA mode. CONCLUSION: It is evident that the PSV mode, when compared to assisted ventilation modes, has the potential to provide worse outcomes associated with the process of weaning from invasive ventilation in patients with COPD.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada en cuidados intensivos: diez años de experiencia / Non invasive mechanic ventilation in patients with acute chronic obstructive lung disease in intensive cares: ten years of experience:en

Introducción: La ventilación no invasiva es un tratamiento efectivo en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar agudizada. Objetivo: Describir las características demográficas, clínicas, ventilatorias y hemogasométricas en pacientes tratados con ventilación no invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 234 pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada, ventilados de forma no invasiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba de enero de 2011 a septiembre de 2021. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino, la neumonía extrahospitalaria y la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica; mientras que la edad media fue de 71 años y la ventilación no invasiva fracasó en 53,8 % de los afectados. Asimismo, la frecuencia respiratoria disminuyó de 34,3 a 23,5 respiraciones por minuto en la segunda hora y se observó, además, un incremento del pH, así como de la relación presión arterial de O2/fracción inspirada de O2 y saturación de oxígeno a la pulsioximetría/fracción inspiratoria de O2. La presión arterial de CO2 tuvo valores promedio de 61,8 mmHg al inicio y de 60,7 mmHg en la segunda hora. Conclusiones: Los valores basales de las variables clínicas, hemogasométricas y ventilatorias mejoraron luego del tratamiento con ventilación no invasiva. Entre los parámetros asociados al fracaso del tratamiento figuraron: frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria, presión arterial de CO2, escala de coma de Glasgow, pH y presencia de fugas; igualmente, la estadía prolongada, la ventilación por más de 48 horas y la mortalidad estuvieron relacionadas con dicho fracaso.

Introduction: The non invasive ventilation is an effective treatment in patients with acute lung disease. Objective: To describe the demographic, clinical, ventilatory and hemogasometric characteristics in patients treated with non invasive ventilation. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 234 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, non-invasive ventilated in the Intensive Cares Unit of Saturnino Lora Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out, from January, 2011 to September, 2021. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of male sex, non hospital acquired pneumonia and chronic heart failure; while the mean age was 71 years and non invasive ventilation failed in 53.8 % of those affected. Also, the respiratory rate decreased from 34.3 to 23.5 breaths per minute in the second hour and an increase in pH was also observed, as well as in the relationship arterial pressure of O2/inspired fraction of O2 and oxygen saturation to the pulsioximetry/inspiratory fraction of O2. The arterial pressure of CO2 had average values of 61.8 mmHg to the beginning and of 60.7 mmHg in the second hour. Conclusions: The basal values of clinical, hemogasometric and ventilatory variables improved after treatment with non invasive ventilation. Among the parameters associated with the treatment failure there were heart frequency, respiratory frequency, arterial pressure of CO2, coma Glasgow scale, pH and leaks; equally, the long stay, the ventilation for more than 48 hours and mortality were related to this failure.

Lineamientos técnicos para el abordaje integral de enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, asma en personas mayores o iguales a 12 años y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) / Technical guidelines for the comprehensive approach to chronic respiratory diseases, asthma in people older than or equal to 12 years of age, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas golpean los sistemas de salud por los altos costos que se derivan por la atención de pacientes en los diferentes estadios de estas enfermedades, en particular aquellas etapas en las que las personas se encuentran con múltiples afecciones provocadas o sumadas por el desarrollo de las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Con el fin de mejorar la atención de los pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas priorizadas; y brindar al personal de salud una herramienta técnico-científica para estandarizar la identificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las personas mayores de 12 años, la Unidad de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Respiratorias, ha elaborado el presente documento, el cual será de mucha utilidad en los diferentes niveles de atención, para brindar una atención de calidad a los pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. En su contenido se integran instrucciones para la atención del asma y la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC), con un abordaje clínico terapéutico más actualizado, para que puedan darse las atenciones en los establecimientos del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), así como las actividades educativas que permitan incidir en la prevención de estas enfermedades

Chronic respiratory diseases hit health systems due to the high costs derived from the care of patients in the different stages of these diseases, particularly those stages in which people have multiple conditions caused or added by the development of chronic respiratory diseases. In order to improve the care of patients with prioritized chronic respiratory diseases; and provide health personnel with a technical-scientific tool to standardize the identification, diagnosis and treatment of people over 12 years of age, the Unit for the Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases has prepared this document, which will be of very useful at different levels of care, to provide quality care to patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Its content includes instructions for the care of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), with a more up-to-date clinical-therapeutic approach, so that care can be given in the establishments of the National Integrated Health System (SNIS), as well as educational activities that make it possible to influence the prevention of these diseases

Analysis of the relationship between perceived stress level and death anxiety in individuals with COPD / Análisis de la relación entre el nivel de estrés percibido y la ansiedad por la muerte en individuos con EPOC

ABSTRACT Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived stress level and death anxiety in individuals with COPD. Method: It was planned with a descriptive and relational screening design. It was carried out with the participation of 132 patients diagnosed with COPD. The study data were collected through Patient Information Form, Perceived Stress Scale, and Death Anxiety Scale. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used in data analysis. Results: The COPD patients' total perceived stress scale and perceived insufficient self-efficacy and perceived stress/distress subscale mean scores were found as 32.75 ± 5.32, 15.81 ± 3.60, and 16.93 ± 2.97, respectively. The patients' Anxiety total scale mean score was determined to be 6.96 ± 3.40. A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between COPD patients' Perceived Stress total scale mean score and their Death Anxiety Scale mean score (F = 4.332, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Perceived stress level of COPD patients was found to be at a high level, while their death anxiety level was determined as moderate. It was also determined that as perceived stress levels of the patients increased, their death anxiety levels also increased.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Investigar la relación entre el nivel de estrés percibido y la ansiedad ante la muerte en personas con EPOC. Método: Se planificó con un diseño de screening descriptivo y relacional. En el estudio participaron 132 pacientes diagnosticados de EPOC. Los datos del estudio se recopilaron mediante el Formulario de información del paciente, la Escala de estrés percibido y la Escala de ansiedad ante la muerte. En el análisis de datos se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y análisis de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Las puntuaciones medias de la escala total de estrés percibido de los pacientes con EPOC y de la autoeficacia percibida insuficiente y de la subescala de estrés/angustia percibida fueron 32.75±5.32, 15.81±3.60 y 16.93±2.97 respectivamente. Se determinó que la puntuación media de la escala total de Ansiedad de los pacientes era 6.96 ± 3.40. Se encontró una relación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre la puntuación media de la escala total de Estrés Percibido de los pacientes con EPOC y la puntuación media de la Escala de Ansiedad ante la Muerte (F = 4.332, p <0.05). Conclusión: Se descubrió que el nivel de estrés percibido por los pacientes con EPOC era alto, mientras que se determinó que su nivel de ansiedad ante la muerte era moderado. También se determinó que a medida que aumentaban los niveles de estrés percibido de los pacientes, también aumentaban sus niveles de ansiedad ante la muerte.

RESUMO Objetivos: Objetivou-se investigar a relação entre nível de estresse percebido e ansiedade de morte em indivíduos com DPOC. Método: Foi planejado com design de triagem descritiva e relacional. Foi realizado com a participação de 132 pacientes diagnosticados com DPOC. Os dados do estudo foram coletados por meio da Ficha de Informações do Paciente, da Escala de Estresse Percebido e da Escala de Ansiedade de Morte. Estatísticas descritivas e análises de regressão múltipla foram utilizadas na análise dos dados. Resultados: Os escores médios da escala total de estresse percebido e autoeficácia percebida insuficiente e estresse/angústia percebida dos pacientes com DPOC foram de 32.75 ± 5.32, 15.81 ± 3.60 e 16.93 ± 2.97, respectivamente. A pontuação média da escala total de ansiedade dos pacientes foi determinada em 6.96±3.40. Foi encontrada uma relação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a pontuação média da escala total de Estresse Percebido dos pacientes com DPOC e a pontuação média da Escala de Ansiedade da Morte (F = 4.332, p < 0.05). Conclusão: O nível de estresse percebido dos pacientes com DPOC foi considerado alto, enquanto o nível de ansiedade de morte foi considerado moderado. Também foi determinado que, à medida que os níveis de estresse percebidos pelos pacientes aumentavam, os níveis de ansiedade de morte também aumentavam.

Case-Finding tool for COPD in LMIC (COLA) - translation and cross-cultural adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese language

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To translate and cross-culturally adapt the COPD in Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) Assessment (COLA) questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese, a case-finding instrument for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Translation and cross-cultural adaptation were completed in six steps: the original version was translated into Brazilian Portuguese by two native speakers of the target language; the translated versions were synthesized; back-translation was performed by two native speakers of the original language; the back-translation and the Brazilian Portuguese version of the COLA were reviewed and harmonized by an expert committee of specialists; and, then, the pre-final version was tested by 30 health professionals who were asked if the items were clear to understand. The acceptability, clarity, and understandability of the translated version were evaluated. A final review of the questionnaire was produced by the authors and approved by the author of the original questionnaire. RESULTS Some idiomatic, semantic, and experiential inconsistencies were identified and properly adjusted. Item 3 was considered the most unclear item (23,3%). Items 7, 8, and 9 presented clarity above 80% (93%, 90%, and 90%, respectively). Suggestions were discussed and incorporated into the tool and COLA was found to be clear and easy to understand. CONCLUSIONS The Brazilian version of the COLA was easily understood by healthcare professionals and adapted to Brazilian culture. Translation and cultural adaptation of the COLA instrument into Brazilian Portuguese can be an important case-finding instrument for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Brazil.

Interrelación persona-entorno en la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica / Person-Environment Interrelation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es la enfermedad respiratoria de mayor prevalencia e impacto socioeconómico y es una de las primeras causas de muerte en el mundo. En la medida que el problema de salud avanza, ocurre un deterioro de la persona, tanto físico como emocional, con un desequilibrio de su entorno. Las características de este problema de salud y su implicación en los seres humanos muestran la necesidad de sistematizar desde la perspectiva de Enfermería la relación persona-entorno. Objetivo: Sistematizar la interacción persona-entorno en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de documentos publicados desde 2005 al 2020 con una clara metodología y referencial teórico, durante los meses octubre a noviembre del 2020. Se elaboró la pregunta a través de la estrategia PICO. Se utilizaron las palabras clave identificadas en DeCS y operadores booleanos: "persona" AND "entorno" AND "enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica" y en inglés, las identificadas por MeHS: "person" AND "environment" AND "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos Index, Pubmed, Redalyc, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Dialnet, GOLD Website. Se utilizó el diagrama de flujo (PRISMA) para contribuir a la formulación de la estrategia de búsqueda. Se utilizaron los métodos de análisis documental, síntesis y sistematización para organizar e interpretar las bibliografías revisadas. Conclusiones: La sistematización realizada y el análisis de las relaciones entre persona y entorno permite considerar la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica como un problema de salud multidimensional, donde una buena interrelación puede mejorar el estado de salud(AU)

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is the respiratory disease with the highest prevalence and socioeconomic impact, it is one of the leading causes of death in the world. As the health problem progresses, a physical and emotional deterioration of the person occurs, with an imbalance in their environment. The characteristics of this health problem and its implication in human beings show the need to systematize the person-environment relationship from the Nursing perspective. Objective: to systematize the person-environment interaction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Methods: systematic review of documents published from 2005 to 2020 with a clear methodology and theoretical framework, during the months of October to November 2020. The question was formulated through the PICO strategy. The keywords identified in DeCS and Boolean operators were used: "persona" ["person"] AND "entorno" ["environment"] AND "enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica" ["chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"] and in English, those identified by MeHS: "person" AND "environment" AND "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". The search was carried out in the Index, Pubmed, Redalyc, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Dialnet, GOLD Website databases. The flow diagram (PRISMA) was used to contribute to the formulation of the search strategy. The methods of documentary analysis, synthesis and systematization were used to organize and interpret the bibliographies reviewed. Conclusions: The systematization carried out and the analysis of the relationships between the person and their environment allow us to consider Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as a multidimensional health problem, where a good interrelation can improve the state of health(AU)

Judicialização no acesso a medicamentos: os números no período de 2019 a 2021 no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná / Judicialization in access to medicines: the numbers in the period from 2019 to 2021 in the municipality of Ponta Grossa, Paraná

descrever o perfil das ações judiciais quanto ao fornecimento de medicamentos no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, entre 2019 a 2021. Metodologia: Utilizou-se o método descritivo-exploratório e retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa. Foram analisados 89 processos, sendo grande parte dos autores do sexo feminino (57,3%), com predomínio de assistência jurídica pública por meio do Ministério Público (69,7%) e com prescrições do serviço público (96,6%). Resultados: Observou-se que 93,3% das solicitações não constavam na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais. Ademais, verificou-se maior demanda do medicamento Avastin (31,5). As doenças que mais acometeram a parte autora foram retinopatia diabética (42,7%; n=38) e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (24,7%). Destaca-se que no período da coleta de dados, 79,8% dos processos encontravam-se finalizados. Os valores gastos com a judicialização de medicamentos variaram de R$ 407,94 a R$ 47.220,00. Considerações: Haja vista o número não exorbitante de ações judiciais, é possível que existam estratégias municipais efetivas, ou a ausência de Defensoria Pública no atendimento as demandas de saúde, pode ter tornado fator inibidor de acesso à justiça. Outro ponto quanto a delimitação no acesso, são os requisitos cumulativos firmados na tese pelo STF, quanto a concessão de medicamentos não previstos nas listas de dispensação do SUS. Conclui-se que há necessidade de aprimorar o diálogo entre o judiciário e o setor de saúde por meio dos seus gestores, bem como a realização de mais estudos para subsidiar um mapeamento, planejamento, descrição de gastos com a judicialização, aquisição de medicamentos e incorporação de novas tecnologias

Objective: to describe the profile of lawsuits regarding the supply of medicines in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, between 2019 and 2021. Methods: A descriptive-exploratory and retrospective method was used, with a quantitative approach. A total of 89 processes were analyzed, most of which were female authors (57.3%), with a predominance of public legal assistance through the Public Prosecutor's Office (69.7%) and with prescriptions from the public service (96.6%). Results: It was observed that 93.3% of requests were not included in the National List of Essential Medicines. Furthermore, there was a greater demand for the drug Avastin (31.5). The diseases that most affected the author were diabetic retinopathy (42.7%; n=38) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (24.7%). It is noteworthy that during the data collection period, 79.8% of the processes were concluded. The amounts spent on the legalization of medicines ranged from R$ 407.94 to R$ 47,220.00. Considerations: Given the not exorbitant number of lawsuits, it is possible that there are effective municipal strategies, or the absence of a Public Defender's Office in meeting health demands, which may have become an inhibiting factor in access to justice. Another point regarding the delimitation of access, are the cumulative requirements signed in the thesis by the STF, regarding the concession of medicines not foreseen in the SUS dispensing lists. It is concluded that there is a need to improve the dialogue between the judiciary and the health sector through its managers, as well as to carry out more studies to support a mapping, planning, description of expenses with the judicialization, acquisition of medicines and incorporation of new technologies

Estudio de sobrevida a largo plazo en pacientes adultos con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas atendidos por infección respiratoria aguda por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 / Study of long-term survival in adult patients with chronic respiratory diseases treated for acute respiratory infection by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

La enfermedad respiratoria aguda por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) se ha convertido en un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Objetivos: Examinar el uso de recursos sanitarios, riesgo de complicaciones y muerte en pacientes adultos con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas atendidos por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio clínico descriptivo prospectivo realizado en pacientes adultos atendidos por COVID-19 en la Red de Salud UC Christus entre el 1 de abril y 31 de diciembre de 2020. Resultados: Se evaluaron 2.160 pacientes adultos, edad: 47 ± 17 años (rango: 18-100), 51,3% sexo masculino, 43,8% tenía comorbilidades, especialmente hipertensión (23,2%), diabetes (11,7%) y enfermedades respiratorias crónicas: asma (5%), EPOC (1,4%) y enfermedad pulmonar difusa (EPD: 0,8%). Los pacientes adultos con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas tuvieron mayor riesgo de hospitalización y uso de oxígeno suplementario; sin embargo, la evolución de los pacientes asmáticos y la sobrevida a los doce meses fue similar a los pacientes sin comorbilidades atendidos por COVID-19, mientras que en los pacientes con EPOC y EPD la admisión a la unidad de paciente crítico y riesgo de muerte fueron más elevados. En el análisis multivariado, los principales predictores clínicos asociados al riesgo de muerte en el seguimiento a doce meses en pacientes adultos con COVID-19 fueron la edad y admisión al hospital, mientras que el asma fue un factor protector. Conclusión: Los pacientes asmáticos tuvieron bajo riesgo de complicaciones y muerte asociados a COVID-19; mientras que los pacientes con EPOC y EPD tuvieron mayor riesgo de complicaciones y muerte en el seguimiento a largo plazo.

The acute respiratory disease associated to coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has become a serious public health problem worldwide. Objectives: To examine the use of healthcare resources, risk of complications and death in adult patients with chronic respiratory diseases treated for COVID-19. Methods: Prospective descriptive clinical study conducted in adult patients treated for COVID-19 in the UC Christus Healthcare Network between April 1 and December 31, 2020. Results: 2,160 adult patients were evaluated, age: 47 ± 17 years-old (range: 18-100), 51.3% male, 43.8% had comorbidities, especially hypertension (23.2%), diabetes (11.7%), and chronic respiratory diseases: asthma (5%), COPD (1,4%) and interstitial lung disease (ILD: 0.8%). Adult patients with chronic respiratory diseases were at higher risk for hospitalization and use of supplemental oxygen; however, the evolution of asthmatic patients and survival at twelve months was similar to that of adult patients without comorbidities treated for COVID-19, while in patients with COPD and ILD admission to the critical care unit and risk of death were higher. In the multivariate analysis, the main clinical predictors associated to 12-month mortality risk in adult patients with COVID-19 were age and hospital admission, while asthma was a protective factor. Conclusion: Asthmatic patients had minor risk of complications and mortality associated with COVID-19; while patients with COPD and ILD had a significant higher risk of complications and 12-month mortality.

Is there an association between quadriceps muscle endurance and performance on activities of daily living in individuals with COPD? / Existe associação entre a resistência muscular do quadríceps e o desempenho nas atividades da vida diária em indivíduos com DPOC?

Abstract Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by limited airflow associated with inflammatory response and systemic manifestations, such as dyspnea, as well as physical inactivity and intolerance to exercise. The sum of these changes can lead to peripheral muscle fatigue and exert an impact on the performance of activities of daily living (ADL). Objective To investigate the possible association between peripheral muscle fatigue and performance on ADL in individuals with COPD, and to compare the results to those of healthy age-matched individuals. Methods Individuals with a diagnosis of COPD and healthy volunteers aged 60 years or older were submitted to evaluations of peripheral muscle fatigue (using surface electromyography) and performance on the Glittre-ADL test. Results Nine individuals with COPD and ten controls were evaluated. Median isometric quadriceps contraction time was 72 [38] and 56 [51] seconds, respectively. Execution time on the ADL test was 6.1 [4] and 3.6 [1.3] minutes for COPD and control group respectively, with a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between the evaluations. Conclusion No association was found between quadriceps muscle fatigue and performance on ADL in the sample studied. In the intergroup comparison, the individuals with COPD exhibited worse ADL time execution, but no significant difference was found regarding quadriceps muscle fatigue.

Resumo Introdução A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é caracterizada por fluxo aéreo limitado associado à resposta inflamatória e manifestações sistêmicas, como dispneia, além de inatividade física e intolerância ao exercício. A soma dessas alterações pode levar à fadiga muscular periférica e exercer impacto no desempenho das atividades de vida diária (AVD). Objetivo Investigar a possível associação entre fadiga muscular periférica e desempenho em AVD em indivíduos com DPOC e comparar os resultados com indivíduos saudáveis da mesma faixa etária. Métodos Indivíduos com diagnóstico de DPOC e voluntários saudáveis com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos foram submetidos a avaliações de fadiga muscular periférica (por meio de eletromiografia de superfície) e desempenho no teste Glittre-ADL. Resultados Foram avaliados nove indivíduos com DPOC e dez controles. O tempo médio de contração isométrica do quadríceps foi de 72 [38] e 56 [51] segundos, respectivamente. O tempo de execução do teste de AVD foi de 6,18 [4,09] e 3,67 [1,3] minutos para DPOC e grupo controle, respectivamente, com diferença significativa entre os grupos (p < 0,05). No entanto não encontrou-se correlação significativa entre as avaliações. Conclusão Não encontrou-se associação entre a fadiga muscular do quadríceps e o desempenho nas AVD na amostra estudada. Na comparação intergrupos, os indivíduos com DPOC apresentaram pior tempo de execução das AVD, mas não encontrou-se diferença significativa em relação à fadiga muscular do quadríceps.

Associação entre doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e a má condição de saúde periodontal: um estudo transversal / Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and poor periodontal health: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: estudos sugerem uma associação entre a doença periodontal e a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a condição periodontal em pacientes com DPOC. Metodologia: Este estudo transversal incluiu 33 pacientes com DPOC e 30 pacientes sem DPOC (grupo controle). Todos os pacientes realizaram espirometria e foram examinados por um dentista. A condição periodontal foi avaliada através dos seguintes índices: número de dentes, índice de placa (IP), índice de sangramento gengival (IG), profundidade de sondagem (PS), PS dos sítios doentes (PSD), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), NIC dos sítios doentes (NICD) e percentual de sítios doentes (NICDP). Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson, o testet de Student, análise de regressão logística e cálculo do odds ratio. Resultados: O grupo DPOC apresentou maiores IP (p=0,01), NIC (p=0,001) e NICDP (p<0,001), com odds ratio de 1,2 (95%IC: 1,023­1,408). Conclusões: Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram pior condição periodontal. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer o papel da terapia periodontal no protocolo de acompanhamento dos pacientes com DPOC

Objective: evidence suggests an association between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status in patients with COPD. Methods: this cross-sectional study included 33 patients with COPD and 30 patients without COPD (control group). All patients underwent spirometry and were examined by a dentist. Periodontal status was evaluated by the following indexes: number of teeth, plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing depth (PD), PD of diseased sites (PDD), clinical attachment level (CAL), CAL of diseased sites (CALD) and percentage of diseased sites (CALDP). The findings were analyzed under Pearson's chi-square test, independent samples t test and logistic regression with odds ratio. Results: the COPD group had higher PI (p = 0,01), CAL (p = 0,001) and CALDP (p <0,001), and the odds ratio for patients with COPD was 1.2 (95% CI: 1,023-1,408). Conclusions: patients with COPD present worse periodontal status. More studies are needed in order to clarify the role of periodontal therapy in the management of COPD.

Mechanisms by which exercise training benefits patients with copd mecanismos pelo qual o treinamento de exercício beneficia pacientes com dpoc running title: exercise training / Mecanismos pelos quais o treinamento de exercício beneficia pacientes com o título dpoc running: treinamento de exercício / Mecanismos por los que el entrenamiento de ejercicio beneficia a los pacientes con epoc mecanismos por los que el entrenamiento de ejercicio beneficia a los pacientes con epoc running title: exercise training

The clinical consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include fatigue, dyspnea and progressive impairment of exercise capacity. It also produces significant systemic consequences such as nutritional depletion, physical deconditioning, systemic inflammation, and structural and functional changes in the respiratory and locomotor muscles. Regular exercise provides improvements in the health of patients with stable COPD and can relieve the symptoms, increasing the exercise capacity and improving the quality of life, while also reducing hospitalization and, to some extent, the risk of morbidity and mortality. Training with progressive exercises is associated with metabolic and neurohumoral adaptations, heart rate variability, with adaptations in the pulmonary and skeletal muscles, as well as the inflammatory, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This review will focus on current knowledge of the mechanisms by which physical training can provide beneficial effects in COPD patients. Results: After analyzing the titles, abstracts and content, out of 500 articles found, 489 were excluded, leaving 11 articles. Studies have shown the beneficial effect of aerobic training on COPD. Conclusion: Physical training should be considered a therapeutic option in patients with COPD, regardless of being terrestrial or aquatic, as it can have beneficial effects on the systems.

As consequências clínicas da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) são: fadiga, dispnéia e comprometimento progressivo da capacidade do exercício, além disso, também produz consequências sistêmicas significativas como depleção nutricional, descondicionamento físico, inflamação sistêmica, mudanças estruturais e funcionais de músculos respiratórios e locomotores. O treinamento físico regular traz como beneficíos efeitos da melhoria da saúde em pacientes com DPOC estável e pode aliviar os sintomas, melhorar a capacidade de exercício e a qualidade de vida, reduzir a hospitalização e, em certa medida, o risco de morbi-mortalidade. Já o treinamento com exercícios progressivos está associado a adaptações metabólicas, neurohumorais, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, inflamatórias, dos músculos pulmonares e esqueléticos, cardiovasculares e respiratórias. Esta revisão enfocará o conhecimento atual dos mecanismos pelos quais o treinamento físico pode ter efeitos benéficos em pacientes com DPOC. Resultados: Após análise dos títulos, resumos e conteúdo, dos 500 artigos encontrados, 489 foram excluídos, restando 11 artigos. Estudos têm demonstrado o efeito benéfico do treinamento aeróbico na DPOC. Conclusão: O treinamento físico deve ser considerado uma opção terapêutica em pacientes com DPOC, independente de ser terrestre ou aquático, pois pode ter efeitos benéficos nos sistemas.

Las consecuencias clínicas de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) incluyen fatiga, disnea y deterioro progresivo de la capacidad de ejercicio. También produce importantes consecuencias sistémicas como el agotamiento nutricional, el desacondicionamiento físico, la inflamación sistémica y los cambios estructurales y funcionales en los músculos respiratorios y locomotores. El ejercicio regular proporciona mejoras en la salud de los pacientes con EPOC estable y puede aliviar los síntomas, aumentando la capacidad de ejercicio y mejorando la calidad de vida, al tiempo que reduce la hospitalización y, en cierta medida, el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad. El entrenamiento con ejercicios progresivos se asocia a adaptaciones metabólicas y neurohumorales, a la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca, con adaptaciones en los músculos pulmonares y esqueléticos, así como en los sistemas inflamatorio, cardiovascular y respiratorio. Esta revisión se centrará en el conocimiento actual de los mecanismos por los que el entrenamiento físico puede proporcionar efectos beneficiosos en los pacientes con EPOC. Resultados: Tras analizar los títulos, resúmenes y contenido, de los 500 artículos encontrados se excluyeron 489, quedando 11 artículos. Los estudios han demostrado el efecto beneficioso del entrenamiento aeróbico en la EPOC. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento físico debe considerarse una opción terapéutica en pacientes con EPOC, independientemente de que sea terrestre o acuático, ya que puede tener efectos beneficiosos sobre los sistemas.

Monitorización del dióxido de carbono espirado durante la ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada / Monitoring of the carbon dioxide exhaled during the non invasive ventilation in patients with acute chronic obstructive lung disease

Introducción: La monitorización del dióxido de carbono espirado se utiliza con frecuencia en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, pero su empleo en ventilación no invasiva es escaso. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre la presión arterial de dióxido de carbono y el dióxido de carbono espirado, durante la ventilación no invasiva, en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 126 pacientes ingresados con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada, tratados con ventilación no invasiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2019 hasta igual mes de 2022, seleccionados por muestreo intencional no probabilístico. Se analizaron variables clínicas, ventilatorias y hemogasométricas, de las cuales se identificaron los valores mínimo y máximo, así como la media, la desviación estándar y la mediana. Se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Los valores promedio de dióxido de carbono espirado fueron 57,83+8,9 y los de presión arterial de dióxido de carbono, de 59,85+9,3. Al analizar la correlación entre las variables se observó correlación positiva entre ambas, para un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson de 0,920. Conclusiones: La monitorización del dióxido de carbono espirado se erige como una variable a considerar en la monitorización de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada, tratados con ventilación no invasiva, siempre que se utilice la máscara facial adecuada y se controlen las fugas, con fuerte correlación con la presión arterial del dióxido de carbono.

Introduction: The monitoring of the carbon dioxide exhaled is frequently used in the intensive cares units, but its use in non invasive ventilation is scarce. Objective: To identify the association between the blood pressure of carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide exhaled, during non invasive ventilation, in patients with acute chronic obstructive lung disease. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 126 patients admitted with acute chronic obstructive lung disease was carried out, they were treated with non invasive ventilation, in the Intensive Cares Unit of Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Provincial Clinical-Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2019 to the same month in 2022, selected by intentional non probabilistic sampling. Clinical, ventilatory and hemogasometric variables were analyzed, of which the minimum and maximum values were identified, as well as the mean, standard and medium deviation. The Pearson correlation coefficient was applied. Results: The average values of carbon dioxide exhaled were 57.83 ± 8.9 and those of arterial pressure of carbon dioxide, 59.85± 9.3. When analyzing the correlation among the variables, positive correlation was observed among both, for a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.920. Conclusions: The monitoring of carbon dioxide exhaled acts as a variable to consider in the monitoring of patients with acute chronic obstructive lung disease, treated with non invasive ventilation, whenever the appropriate face mask is used and the leaks are controlled, with strong correlation with the arterial pressure of the carbon dioxide.

Comportamiento de características seleccionadas en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y algunas asociaciones de interés práctico / Behavior of selected characteristics in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia and some associations of practical interest

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye una de las afecciones respiratorias que provoca más demanda de asistencia médica, y es responsable del mayor número de fallecidos por enfermedades infecciosas en Cuba. El objetivo del estudio ha sido determinar el comportamiento de características seleccionadas en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía y precisar la existencia de asociaciones entre algunas de estas características.Se realizó un estudio observacional, con diseño descriptivo, que incluyó 1,809 pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía entre enero de 2012 y febrero de 2020. Fueron analizadas características relacionadas con las condiciones de base, clínico-radiológicas, y relativas al manejo y la evolución, mediante análisis bivariante y multivariante (regresión logística). La serie estuvo constituida fundamentalmente por pacientes ancianos (79%), mientras que el 20% presentaba la condición de encamamiento. Esta condición se asoció significativamente con el estado de demencia avanzada (OR 7,6[5,5;10,4]), y fue determinante en la presentación "solapada" del proceso (OR 1,5[1,09;2]). La presentación "solapada" de la neumonía estuvo significativamente asociada al ingreso tardío (OR 1,6[1,2;2,2]). Como conclusiones se ratifica el lugar que ocupan varios elementos en las características de la morbilidad por neumonía: edad avanzada, presencia de comorbilidades, y presentación no clásica del proceso. Fueron constatadas interrelaciones de importancia práctica entre la presencia de comorbilidades particulares, las formas clínicas de presentación, el momento del ingreso, y la utilización de antimicrobianos durante la atención prehospitalaria del paciente. Se destaca el papel del encamamiento en la extensión radiológica del proceso neumónico y en la presencia de derrame pleural de mediana o gran cuantía al momento del ingreso.

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the respiratory conditions that causes the greatest demand for medical care, and is responsible for the largest number of deaths from infectious diseases in Cuba. The objective of the study was to determine the behavior of selected characteristics in patients hospitalized for pneumonia and to specify the existence of associations between some of these characteristics. An observational study, with a descriptive design, was carried out, which included 1,809 patients hospitalized for pneumonia between January 2012 and February 2020. Characteristics related to the basic, clinical-radiological conditions, and relative to management and evolution were analyzed, through analysis bivariate and multivariate (logistic regression). The series consisted mainly of elderly patients (79%), while 20% were bedridden. This condition was significantly associated with the state of advanced dementia (OR 7.6[5.5;10.4]) and was decisive in the "overlapping" presentation of the process (OR 1.5[1.09;2]). The "overlapping" presentation of pneumonia was significantly associated with late admission (OR 1.6[1.2;2.2]). As conclusions, the place occupied by several elements in the characteristics of pneumonia morbidity is ratified: advanced age, presence of comorbidities, and non-classical presentation of the process. Interrelationships of practical importance were found between the presence of comorbidities, the clinical forms of presentation, the time of admission, and the use of antimicrobials during the patient's prehospital care. The role of bed rest in the radiological extension of the pneumonic process and in the presence of medium or large pleural effusion at the time of admission is highlighted.

Práctica de automanejo y nivel de dependencia del adulto mayor con enfermedad crónica / Self-Management Practice and Level of Dependence in the Older Adult with a Chronic Disease

Introducción: El automanejo como una conducta saludable y la capacidad física propia de la edad son poco explorados, pero pueden llevar a cambios en el estilo de vida de los adultos mayores que padecen enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: Caracterizar la relación que existe entre la práctica de automanejo y el nivel de dependencia de adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica. Métodos: Diseño descriptivo correlacional y longitudinal desarrollado en los meses de julio a noviembre de 2020. Se utilizó la población de 105 adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica que forman parte de asociaciones de adultos mayores de Ibagué, Colombia. La medición se realizó con la escala Partners in Health Scale y la capacidad física con el índice de Barthel. Para el análisis se utilizó análisis descriptivo, prueba de correlación de Pearson y un modelo de regresión lineal. Resultados: Las mujeres representaron el 60 % de los participantes y los hombres el 40 por ciento. Se encontraron con enfermedad crónica: hipertensión arterial alta (60,95 por ciento) diabetes mellitus (10,47 por ciento) enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (6,66 por ciento). Dentro de la capacidad de automanejo, la adherencia presentó la mayor puntuación promedio (71,30), la capacidad física se encontraba en la mayoría de los participantes en dependencia leve e independencia, esto llevó a presentar una correlación positiva entre estos dos aspectos. Por cada punto adicional en el test de Barthel aumenta 0,27 el índice de automanejo (p = 0,003). Conclusiones: La práctica de automanejo se encuentra relacionada con la capacidad física que tienen los adultos mayores con enfermedad crónica, en especial lo relacionado al comportamiento de adherencia. Otras enfermedades crónicas presentes fueron la artritis y la insuficiencia renal crónica(AU)

Introduction: Self-management as a healthy behavior and age-specific physical capacity are little explored, but may lead to lifestyle changes in older adults with chronic disease. Objective: To characterize the relationship between self-management practice and the level of dependence in older adults with chronic disease. Methods: Descriptive, correlational and longitudinal study carried out from July to November 2020. The population was made up of 105 older adults with chronic disease who are part of associations of older adults from Ibagué, Colombia. Measurement was done using the Partners in Health scale, while the physical capacity involved the Barthel index. Descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation test, and a linear regression model were used for the analysis. Results: Women and men represented 60 percent and 40 percent of the participants, respectively. They were found to present chronic diseases: high arterial hypertension (60.95 percent) diabetes mellitus (10.47 percent) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6.66 percent). Within the self-management capacity, adherence presented the highest average score (71.30), while physical capacity was found in most of the participants in mild dependence and independence; this led to the presence of a positive correlation between these two aspects. For each additional point in the Barthel test, there is an increase of 0.27 in the self-management index (p = 0.003). Conclusions: The practice of self-management is found to be related to the physical capacity of older adults with chronic disease, especially with respect to the adherence behavior. Other chronic diseases were arthritis and chronic renal failure(AU)